Automated facies identification by Direct Push?based sensing methods (CPT, HPT) and multivariate linear discriminant analysis to decipher geomorphological changes and storm surge impact on a medieval coastal landscape

In ad 1362, a major storm surge drowned wide areas of cultivated medieval marshland along the north-western coast Germany and turned them into tidal flats. This study presents new methodological approach for reconstruction changing coastal landscapes developed from site in Wadden Sea North Frisia. Initially, we deciphered long-term as well event-related short-term geomorphological changes, using geoscientific standard vibracoring, analyses sedimentary, geochemical microfaunal palaeoenvironmental parameters radiocarbon dating. next step, Direct Push (DP)-based Cone Penetration Testing (CPT) Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT) were applied at vibracore locations to obtain situ high-resolution stratigraphic data. last multivariate linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was successfully efficiently identify different sedimentary facies (e.g., fossil marsh or flat deposits) CPT HPT test dataset, map facies' lateral distribution, also comparison reflection seismic measurements their potential interpolate borehole CPT/HPT The training dataset acquired key coring DP sensing finally allows an automated classification data obtained elsewhere within area. allowed detailed local landscape development interplay natural formation, land reclamation surge-related losses.